При покупках за границей рублёвой картой недостаточно просто умножить цену в долларах или евро на курс рубля: оплата пройдет по более сложной схеме конвертации валют. Давайте сначала разберёмся с терминологией: Конвертация — обмен одной валюты на валюту другого государства. Конвертировать валюту — значит произвести обмен между различными валютами. Будет ли проводиться обмен валют при совершении покупки и сколько их будет зависит от следующих параметров: 1.
15-19. Связала прокладывая плотных вязании на леску. Связала из плотных вязании толстую 20.
If you already download sync the full blockchain database with Bitcoin Core, the fastest way to get the full list of all transactions is to use blockchain parser. Sign up to join this community. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top. Stack Overflow for Teams — Collaborate and share knowledge with a private group. Create a free Team What is Teams? Learn more. How can I get the list of all bitcoin transactions?
Ask Question. Asked 3 years, 9 months ago. Active 10 months ago. Viewed 4k times. Improve this question. Martin Thoma 1 1 silver badge 9 9 bronze badges. Add a comment. Active Oldest Votes. Improve this answer. Nicolas Lopez Nicolas Lopez 2 2 silver badges 5 5 bronze badges. How do you recommend I run a full node? I do know Python well though so any guidance would be appreciated — bawa. Downloaded bitcoin core. Downloading all the transactions. Could you actually guide me, how I could import all of it once its downloaded into a sort of a csv file or maybe in a data frame in python?
Then you can put that into whatever format you want and handle it however you want. This library may be helpful to you: github. This is the most easiest way to do what you need. Denis Leonov Denis Leonov 10 10 silver badges 23 23 bronze badges. Download the bitcoin core bootstrap. Evil Zymurgist Evil Zymurgist 3 3 bronze badges.
However, after the soft fork is activated, new nodes will perform a further verification for the redeem script. Therefore, to redeem a P2SH transaction, the spender must provide the valid signature or answer in addition to the correct redeem script. Although P2SH multisig is now generally used for multisig transactions, this base script can be used to require multiple signatures before a UTXO can be spent. In multisig pubkey scripts, called m-of-n, m is the minimum number of signatures which must match a public key; n is the number of public keys being provided.
The signature script must provide signatures in the same order as the corresponding public keys appear in the pubkey script or redeem script. Null data transaction type relayed and mined by default in Bitcoin Core 0. It is preferable to use null data transactions over transactions that bloat the UTXO database because they cannot be automatically pruned; however, it is usually even more preferable to store data outside transactions if possible. Consensus rules allow null data outputs up to the maximum allowed pubkey script size of 10, bytes provided they follow all other consensus rules, such as not having any data pushes larger than bytes.
Bitcoin Core 0. There must still only be a single null data output and it must still pay exactly 0 satoshis. The -datacarriersize Bitcoin Core configuration option allows you to set the maximum number of bytes in null data outputs that you will relay or mine. If you use anything besides a standard pubkey script in an output, peers and miners using the default Bitcoin Core settings will neither accept, broadcast, nor mine your transaction. When you try to broadcast your transaction to a peer running the default settings, you will receive an error.
If you create a redeem script, hash it, and use the hash in a P2SH output, the network sees only the hash, so it will accept the output as valid no matter what the redeem script says. This allows payment to non-standard scripts, and as of Bitcoin Core 0. Note: standard transactions are designed to protect and help the network , not prevent you from making mistakes. The transaction must be finalized: either its locktime must be in the past or less than or equal to the current block height , or all of its sequence numbers must be 0xffffffff.
The transaction must be smaller than , bytes. Bare non-P2SH multisig transactions which require more than 3 public keys are currently non-standard. It cannot push new opcodes, with the exception of opcodes which solely push data to the stack. Exception: standard null data outputs must receive zero satoshis. Since the signature protects those parts of the transaction from modification, this lets signers selectively choose to let other people modify their transactions.
The various options for what to sign are called signature hash types. This input, as well as other inputs, are included in the signature. The sequence numbers of other inputs are not included in the signature, and can be updated. Allows anyone to add or remove other inputs. Because each input is signed, a transaction with multiple inputs can have multiple signature hash types signing different parts of the transaction.
For example, a single-input transaction signed with NONE could have its output changed by the miner who adds it to the block chain. Called nLockTime in the Bitcoin Core source code. The locktime indicates the earliest time a transaction can be added to the block chain. Locktime allows signers to create time-locked transactions which will only become valid in the future, giving the signers a chance to change their minds. If any of the signers change their mind, they can create a new non-locktime transaction.
The new transaction will use, as one of its inputs, one of the same outputs which was used as an input to the locktime transaction. This makes the locktime transaction invalid if the new transaction is added to the block chain before the time lock expires. Care must be taken near the expiry time of a time lock. The peer-to-peer network allows block time to be up to two hours ahead of real time, so a locktime transaction can be added to the block chain up to two hours before its time lock officially expires.
Also, blocks are not created at guaranteed intervals, so any attempt to cancel a valuable transaction should be made a few hours before the time lock expires. Previous versions of Bitcoin Core provided a feature which prevented transaction signers from using the method described above to cancel a time-locked transaction, but a necessary part of this feature was disabled to prevent denial of service attacks.
A legacy of this system are four-byte sequence numbers in every input. Even today, setting all sequence numbers to 0xffffffff the default in Bitcoin Core can still disable the time lock, so if you want to use locktime, at least one input must have a sequence number below the maximum.
Since sequence numbers are not used by the network for any other purpose, setting any sequence number to zero is sufficient to enable locktime. If less than million, locktime is parsed as a block height. The transaction can be added to any block which has this height or higher. If greater than or equal to million, locktime is parsed using the Unix epoch time format the number of seconds elapsed since T UTC—currently over 1.
The transaction can be added to any block whose block time is greater than the locktime. Transactions pay fees based on the total byte size of the signed transaction. Fees per byte are calculated based on current demand for space in mined blocks with fees rising as demand increases.
The transaction fee is given to the Bitcoin miner, as explained in the block chain section , and so it is ultimately up to each miner to choose the minimum transaction fee they will accept. Before Bitcoin Core 0. After the priority area, all transactions are prioritized based on their fee per byte, with higher-paying transactions being added in sequence until all of the available space is filled. Please see the verifying payment section for why this could be important. Few people will have UTXOs that exactly match the amount they want to pay, so most transactions include a change output.
Change outputs are regular outputs which spend the surplus satoshis from the UTXOs back to the spender. In a transaction, the spender and receiver each reveal to each other all public keys or addresses used in the transaction. If the same public key is reused often, as happens when people use Bitcoin addresses hashed public keys as static payment addresses, other people can easily track the receiving and spending habits of that person, including how many satoshis they control in known addresses.
If each public key is used exactly twice—once to receive a payment and once to spend that payment—the user can gain a significant amount of financial privacy. Even better, using new public keys or unique addresses when accepting payments or creating change outputs can be combined with other techniques discussed later, such as CoinJoin or merge avoidance , to make it extremely difficult to use the block chain by itself to reliably track how users receive and spend their satoshis.
Avoiding key reuse can also provide security against attacks which might allow reconstruction of private keys from public keys hypothesized or from signature comparisons possible today under certain circumstances described below, with more general attacks hypothesized.
Unique non-reused P2PKH and P2SH addresses protect against the first type of attack by keeping ECDSA public keys hidden hashed until the first time satoshis sent to those addresses are spent, so attacks are effectively useless unless they can reconstruct private keys in less than the hour or two it takes for a transaction to be well protected by the block chain. Unique non-reused private keys protect against the second type of attack by only generating one signature per private key, so attackers never get a subsequent signature to use in comparison-based attacks.
Existing comparison-based attacks are only practical today when insufficient entropy is used in signing or when the entropy used is exposed by some means, such as a side-channel attack. So, for both privacy and security, we encourage you to build your applications to avoid public key reuse and, when possible, to discourage users from reusing addresses. For example, an attacker can add some data to the signature script which will be dropped before the previous pubkey script is processed.
Although the modifications are non-functional—so they do not change what inputs the transaction uses nor what outputs it pays—they do change the computed hash of the transaction. Since each transaction links to previous transactions using hashes as a transaction identifier txid , a modified transaction will not have the txid its creator expected.
But it does become a problem when the output from a transaction is spent before that transaction is added to the block chain. Bitcoin developers have been working to reduce transaction malleability among standard transaction types, one outcome of those efforts is BIP Segregated Witness , which is supported by Bitcoin Core and was activated in August When SegWit is not being used, new transactions should not depend on previous transactions which have not been added to the block chain yet, especially if large amounts of satoshis are at stake.
Transaction malleability also affects payment tracking. Current best practices for transaction tracking dictate that a transaction should be tracked by the transaction outputs UTXOs it spends as inputs, as they cannot be changed without invalidating the transaction. Best practices further dictate that if a transaction does seem to disappear from the network and needs to be reissued, that it be reissued in a way that invalidates the lost transaction.
One method which will always work is to ensure the reissued payment spends all of the same outputs that the lost transaction used as inputs.
The most popular and trusted block explorer and crypto transaction search engine. если вы добавите в запрос GET параметр &cors=true. With listtransaction every N minutes to last transaction, to chase them through the API of some of the blockchain bitcoin, to take the date. All trademarks and registered trademarks are apt-get install bitcoind –y -zapwallettxes= Delete all wallet transactions and only recover those.